In 2010, the European Broadcasting Union issued EBU R 128, a recommendation for a system of Loudness Normalisation. With the Peak level set and unchangeable, the incentives were aligned for engineers to raise the RMS value as loud as they possibly could. There was a definite peak level that a piece of digital music theoretically couldn’t cross: when those 16 bits were full of 1s. In the days of the CD, music was carried with an amplitude range across 16 bits. It does not store any personal data.During the loudness wars, the highest peak was a set value.

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